Jurnal Farmasi & Sains Indonesia

Optimization of Yogurt Formulation Fortified with Chitosan from Black Tiger Shrimp (Penaeus monodon) Shell Waste and Lemon (Citrus limon) as a Functional Food Candidate

Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

This study aimed to optimize the formulation of yogurt fortified with chitosan derived from tiger shrimp shell waste (Penaeus monodon) and lemon (Citrus limon) as a marine-based functional food candidate. Yogurt formulations were prepared with varying chitosan concentrations (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) combined with 2% lemon and evaluated for their physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties. The evaluated parameters included organoleptic characteristics, pH, viscosity, moisture content, ash content, lactic acid bacteria viability, and hedonic acceptance. The results demonstrated that increasing chitosan concentration significantly enhanced viscosity while reducing moisture content and lactic acid bacteria counts. All formulations maintained pH values within the acceptable yogurt range (3.80–4.50). The formulation containing 0.5% chitosan exhibited the most favorable characteristics, with stable viscosity (284.5 mPa·s), pH 4.13, lactic acid bacteria count of 1.9 × 10¹¹ CFU/mL, and the highest sensory acceptance. These findings suggest that low-level chitosan fortification effectively improves yogurt quality without compromising consumer acceptance, supporting its potential application as a value-added functional dairy product.

Exploration of the Antidiabetic Potential of Typical Compounds from Butterfly Pea Flowers (Clitoria ternatea (L.)) against PPAR-γ Receptors through Molecular Docking

Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a type of diabetes associated with resistance and impaired insulin secretion due to abnormal pancreatic beta cell function. Butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea (L.) contain phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and anthocyanins that have the potential to act as antidiabetics. One of the receptors targeted for diabetes treatment is PPAR-γ. The purpose of this study was to determine the type of butterfly pea flower anthocyanin that has the best activity compared to the pioglitazone ligand, the interactions formed, and analyze its pharmacokinetic and toxicity profiles. The method used was molecular docking with Autodock Vina, with 3 experiments carried out to ensure the accuracy of the results. The docking results showed that anthocyanin compounds have lower binding energy than pioglitazone. The best compound is Ternatin A2 (-10.46 ± 0.66 kcal/mol). In addition, flavonoid compounds such as Quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (-10.56 ± 0.00 kcal/mol) and Kaempferol 3-neohesperidoside (-9.70 ± 0.00 kcal/mol) showed affinity equivalent to anthocyanin. The t-test for all compounds yielded a value of 0.00 (<0.05), indicating strong statistical significance. The dominant interactions involve hydrogen and hydrophobic bonds at residues Cys285, Arg288, and Ile341, which act as partial agonists. ADME predictions indicate that the compounds have a fairly good pharmacokinetic profile in terms of metabolism and distribution, but face challenges in terms of absorption and excretion. Toxicity prediction results also indicate that all compounds are in the high category, and two of them are mutagenic. All anthocyanin compounds have potential as partial agonists/SPPARγM, especially Ternatin A2. However, due to limitations in absorption and excretion as well as toxicity, further studies related to structural modification and experimentation are needed to confirm the biological activity and safety of the compounds, as well as considering non-oral routes of administration..

Level of Public Knowledge Regarding Self-Medication of Cough Medicine in Watugede Village RT 07 RW 15 Singosari.

Christina Dewi Wulan Sari, Misgiati Misgiati, Siti Rahmawati — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Self-medication, also known as self-medication, is the act of treating symptoms or illnesses without requiring a doctor's prescription. Coughing is a minor complaint that is often the reason people practice self-medication. Although self-medication can be beneficial, if done incorrectly, it can have negative impacts. This study aims to analyze the level of knowledge of the Watugede Village community regarding self-medication for cough medicine. The study design used a descriptive observational cross-sectional approach and involved 65 respondents selected by accidental sampling. Data were collected using a closed-ended questionnaire that had been tested for validity (r = 0.558–0.672) and reliability (α = 0.747). The results showed that the majority of respondents had good knowledge (89%), followed by sufficient knowledge (9%) and poor knowledge (2%). Respondents were predominantly female (71%), aged 20–29 years (43%), working as housewives (34%), and obtaining drug information primarily from health workers (45%). This good knowledge was influenced by factors such as productive age, the role of health workers, and ease of access to information. In conclusion, the level of knowledge of the Watugede Village community regarding self-medication for cough medicine is relatively good, but ongoing health education is needed to maintain and expand drug literacy in the community.

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST OF EXTRACT AND FRACTIONS OF KOPASANDA LEAVES (Chromolaena odorata L.) AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus

Agus Permadi, Titik Sunarni, Destik Wulandari — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Kopasanda leaves (Chromolaena odorata L.) contain flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids, which
have potential antibacterial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of n-hexane,
ethyl acetate, and aqueous fractions of the ethanolic extract of kopasanda leaves against Staphylococcus
aureus, as well as to determine the most active fraction, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, and Minimum
Bactericidal Concentration. Extraction was performed using the maceration method with 70% ethanol,
followed by fractionation using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water. Antibacterial activity was evaluated
using the disk diffusion method at concentrations of 20, 10, and 5% to determine the most active fraction,
followed by the dilution method at concentrations of 50; 25; 12.5; 6.25; 3.12; 1.56; 0.78; and 0.39% to
determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration. Diffusion
test results were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance to determine differences in
inhibition zones among fractions. Thin-layer chromatography analysis showed that the extract and all
fractions contained flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, except for the aqueous fraction, which only showed
the presence of saponins. The ethyl acetate fraction was the most active, with an inhibition zone diameter
of 26.36 mm at a concentration of 20%. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration could not be determined
due to the dark color of the fraction, while the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of the ethyl acetate
fraction against Staphylococcus aureus was 12.5%.

Formulation and Testing of Antioxidant Activity of Lotion Made from Purified Tomato Fruit Extract (Solanum lycopersicum L.) with Various Cetyl Alcohol Concentrations

Putrilia Dwi Elnawati, Titik Sunarni, Anita Nilawati — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Tomatoes contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids, with lycopene as the highest antioxidant. This study aimed to formulate a purified tomato extract into a lotion preparation and to determine its physical stability and antioxidant activity with varying amounts of cetyl alcohol. The purified tomato extract was obtained by adding methanol as an antisolvent. After separating the pulp and water, the pulp was macerated (1:4), and the water was subjected to a liquid-liquid extraction (1:2) with n-hexane. The extract was evaporated until a thick extract was obtained, precipitated with methanol, and then filtered. Carr-Price reagent was used to identify lycopene. The purified tomato extract was formulated into a lotion with a concentration of 3% and varying amounts of cetyl alcohol (2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%), which served as a stiffening agent). Physical stability was evaluated, and antioxidant activity was tested using the DPPH method. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that purified tomato fruit extract lotion with cetyl alcohol variations in formulas 3, 4, and 5 had good physical quality and decreased stability after storage. The antioxidant activity in formulas 3, 4, and 5 was classified as strong, namely 92.96 ppm; 95.28 ppm; and 98.51 ppm, respectively. Therefore, considering the variation in cetyl alcohol, formula 4 was the best formula by maintaining the viscosity of the lotion preparation and having strong antioxidant activity.

Physical Quality Test and Anti-Irritation Test of Pomelo Fruit Extract Peel Off Gel Mask (Citrus maxima) on Wistar White Rats

Arikha Ayu Susilowati, Neyla Nour Fu’adah, Nurul Hidayatul Maret’ah — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Abstract

Pamelo fruit (Citrus maxima) contains vitamin C and flavonoids that act as antioxidants, which can reduce sebum on the skin, reduce acne on the face, ward off free radicals, and slow down skin aging. This study aims to test the irritation and physical quality of peel-off gel mask preparations made from pomelo fruit (Citrus maxima) extract. The research method involved comparing the concentrations of PVA and Tragacanth, with PVA concentrations of 10%, 13%, and 15%, and Tragacanth concentrations of 2%, 4%, and 5%. The three formulations underwent physical quality testing of the peel-off gel preparation and irritation testing. The results of the evaluation of the three formulations showed a pH range of 4.5-4.9, a spreadability test range of 3.3-4.9 cm, an adhesion test range of 5.77-9.00 seconds, a viscosity test range of 9133-57000 cP, and a drying time range of 26.6-29.1 minutes. For the irritation test on normal mice in F1, F2, and F3, there was no erythema or edema, while in mice 1, 2, and 3 in F1, there was also no erythema or edema. Mice 1, 2, and 3 in F2 and F3 showed erythema and edema at 48 and 72 hours. The conclusion of this study is that the peel-off gel mask formulation of pomelo fruit in F1 (PVA 10% and Tragacanth 2%) has good physical quality and does not cause irritation.

MOLECULAR DOCKING ANALYSIS OF THE POTENTIAL BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN CLOVE LEAVES (Syzygium aromaticum) AS ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)

Putri Aulia Zahra, Syaiful Prayogi, Resa Frafela Rosmi, Eka Trinsnawati — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an antibiotic resistant pathogenic bacterium that causes serious and difficult to treat infections. Efforts to discover alternative antibacterial agents based on natural products are increasingly being explored, one of which is through bioactive compounds found in clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum), known for their antimicrobial activity. This study aims to analyze the potential of bioactive compounds from clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum) as antibacterial candidates against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) through an in silico approach using molecular docking methods. The docking results showed that Cedrenol had the best binding affinity value at –6.0 kcal/mol, binding to the active residue ASN 441. Pharmacokinetic analysis using Lipinski’s Rule of Five and SwissADME revealed that all eight compounds met the criteria for oral bioavailability and exhibited favorable ADME profiles. However, the results of the one sample t-test indicated that the average binding affinities of the tested compounds did not significantly surpass those of the control ligands (vancomycin and penicillin G), suggesting that the tested compounds effectiveness remains suboptimal compared to the control antibiotics.

In conclusion, the bioactive compounds in clove leaves, particularly Cedrenol, demonstrate initial potential as antibacterial agents against MRSA. However, further studies, especially in vitro and in vivo evaluations, are required to comprehensively assess their antibacterial activity.

Behavioral Analysis of Antibiotic Self-Medication Based on Social Media Information, Knowledge, and Geographic Location among Pati Regency Residents

Puput Eka Suryani, Erni Kusuma Putri, Annisah Mahanani — Sat, 20 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0700

The development of 21st-century technology, particularly in the medical field, represents a breakthrough for previously untreatable infectious cases. However, a new threat has emerged from a biological phenomenon known as antimicrobial resistance, which is also linked to the imprudent consumption behavior of antibiotiks. This issue is not only a local concern but a global health crisis triggered by multiple factors, including loose access to obtaining antibiotics, human interactions, and the massive dissemination of information in the digital era. This study was conducted to analyze public behavior by focusing on several aspects: the level of public knowledge about antibiotiks, public attitudes toward health information from social media, and the prevalence of self-medication in urban and rural communities. The method used in this study is a descriptive-analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. Generally, the research results are as follows: overall, respondents with good knowledge of antibiotiks reached 62.7%, while those with fair-to-poor knowledge reached 37.7%. Regarding respondents' attitudes toward health information on social media, the results showed that most respondents had a relatively negative attitude toward antibiotik use influenced by social media information. The prevalence of antibiotik self-medication behavior showed that nearly 50% of respondents practiced self-medication. There is a correlation between the type of social media platform and the self-medication pattern among respondents. WhatsApp users had the highest prevalence of self-medication at 58.9%. There is no significant correlation between self-medication behavior and urban-rural geographical variables.